It is sad that in order to claim that the basis of the Confederacy must be honored as part of our heritage, the heritage that has produced “American Exceptionalism”, there are those who have to rewrite history, or outright ignore it to make their point.

No compromise, Mr. Kelly?

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was the first attempt to find some solution to the issue of slavery. But, of course, it did not remove the underlying problems.

Missouri had applied for statehood in 1817 as the first territory from within the area of the Louisiana Purchase to do so, and it was intended it to be a state with no restrictions on slavery.

Congressman James Talmadge of New York wanted to amend the statehood bill by adding a provision that no more slaves could be brought into Missouri. Although the House of Representatives approved his amendment, the Senate rejected it and voted to have no restrictions on slavery in Missouri.

Maine was to be a free state, but its statehood was being held up by southern Senators.

Congress arrived at the compromise that Maine would enter the Union as a free state and Missouri would enter as a slave state, and no territory to the north of Missouri’s southern border (the 36° 30′ parallel) could enter the Union as a slave state which effectively stopped slavery from spreading into the rest of the Louisiana Purchase.

Because of this, Henry Clay of Kentucky, Speaker of the House during the debates over the Missouri Compromise, earned the title “The Great Compromiser”.

The Missouri Compromise, the first great Congressional compromise over the slavery issue, was repealed in 1854 by the Kansas-Nebraska Act which eliminated the provision that slavery would not extend north of the 30th parallel.

The Missouri Compromise worked somewhat until the Mexican American War when the United States acquired territory beyond the Louisiana Purchase to which the Compromise specifically applied.

Politicians from the South objected to President Zachary Taylor’s wanting California admitted as a free state, and New Mexico and Utah admitted as territories that excluded slavery under their territorial constitutions.

Southern politicians saw admitting California as a free state would upset the balance between slave and free states.

Coming out of retirement, “The Great Compromiser”, along with Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun, came up with a package of five bills that would admit California as a free state; allow New Mexico to decide whether to be a free or slave state; enact a strong fugitive slave law; and preserve slavery in the District of Columbia.

Passing it as one bill was difficult, so Stephen Douglas divided it into five separate bills that passed.

This was the Compromise of 1850 which consisted of

• California being admitted as a free state.
• Territories of New Mexico and Utah being given the option of legalizing slavery.
• The border between Texas and New Mexico being fixed.
• A stronger fugitive slave law being enacted.
• The slave trade being abolished in the District of Columbia, though slavery remained legal.

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Four year later, Stephen Douglas, a New Englander who had moved  to Illinois, wanted railroads to cross the continent, but the huge wilderness to the west of Iowa and Missouri would have to be organized and brought into the Union to make this possible.

But since Southerners did not want to bring in a single large state that would be free, Douglas came up with the idea of creating two new territories, Nebraska and Kansas, with the residents of the new territories voting on whether slavery would be legal in those territories.

This went against the Missouri Compromise.

Archibald Dixon of Kentucky demanded the repeal of the Missouri Compromise if this  bill was going to pass.

Douglas introduced his bill in early 1854, it passed the Senate in March, weeks later it passed the House of Representatives, and was finally signed into law by President Franklin Pierce on May 30, 1854.

Proponents of slavery and freedom poured into Kansas, and things became bloody as violence broke out, and in Congress South Carolina Congressman, Preston Brooks, attacked abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, and beat him with his cane.

Abraham Lincoln was prompted to re-enter politics.

Of course, these compromises came about years after the Three-Fifths Compromise between delegates from Northern and Southern states during the Constitutional Convention in 1787. The question had been over how slaves would be counted when determining a state’s total population for legislative representation and taxing purposes. The result was that as a slave was equal to 3/5 of a man, the southern states had a third more seats in Congress and a third more electoral votes than if slaves had been ignored. This allowed Southern states to largely dominate the government of the United States until 1861.

Perhaps General Kelly needs to brush up on American history before he expounds on it.